Causes and Effects of Horizontal Urban Expansion on the Livelihoods of Rural Households Bordering Sululta Sub-City, Sheger City, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract

In the current era of rapid urbanization, effects of urban expansion are prevalent, particularly in urban areas of developing countries. This result, in farmers displacement with concomitant loss of agricultural land and change of their livelihoods. The situations are prevalent in Oromia. Thus, this study aims to assess Causes and Effects of Horizontal Urban Expansion on the Livelihoods of Rural Households Bordering Sululta Sub-City, Sheger City, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The aim of the research was to assess causes, consequences of urban expansion along with the interventions taken to tackle this. To this end, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were employed. Both Primary and secondary data were collected from residents boarding sululta town through questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. Secondary data were gathered from various sources. The collected data were analyzed and presented in percentages, mean tables, figures, and charts. This research identifies key drivers of horizontal urban expansion, including population growth, housing demand, and rural-to-urban migration. It also highlights the contributions of employment opportunities, industrialization, and social services to this expansion. The study reveals negative impacts on rural livelihoods due to urban expansion, such as changes in cultural practices and social relationships, and varying effects on income. Reasons for negative income perceptions include insufficient livestock products, limited farm land, and irregular income. Other perceived effects encompass income decline, population displacement, a high cost of living, and inadequate basic services. However, urban expansion offers advantages like job creation, economic growth, improved infrastructure, and enhanced social services, as well as cultural diversity. Challenges include inadequate sanitation, resource competition, crime, diseases, pollution, and climate change impacts. Current interventions involve compensation, addressing illegal construction, awareness programs, and community involvement in urban planning to mitigate negative impacts and promote sustainability. Access to credit is also recognized as vital for individuals and businesses pursuing economic opportunities. Based on the findings, promote livelihood diversification through training and resources beyond farming and livestock.: Mitigate negative social and cultural impacts with community engagement and preservation program; Provide adequate infrastructure and basic services, including healthcare, education, and transportation; Create local employment opportunities, attract industries, and support entrepreneurship and Implement policy interventions, including land regulations and affordable housing initiatives, for sustainable urban expansion were forwarded as recommendations